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Child articulation exhibits predictable divergences from adult models of speech. Do individuals who frequently interact with children, therefore, have a tacit understanding of these systematic irregularities, leading to an improved ability to understand children? Do the unusual variations in children's speech patterns eclipse the systematic errors? Experiment 1 used a speech-in-noise transcription task to evaluate which of four groups—undergraduates (n = 48), mothers of young children (n = 48), early childhood educators (n = 48), and speech-language pathologists (SLPs; n = 48)—had the strongest ability to transcribe child speech in the presence of background noise. All listeners undertook the task of transcribing the speech of typically developing children and adults. Experiment 2 included an additional 50 mothers to undergo a similar task to assess the perceived intelligibility of their own child in contrast to another child's. While prior assertions suggested a general advantage in speech intelligibility for children based on experience, our findings reveal no such support. Undeniably, mothers possess a special intuition that allows them to fully comprehend their child. SLPs consistently exhibit a notable edge in accomplishing tasks. The outcomes of our research demonstrate that ordinary (and even extensive) contact with children may not uniformly improve the understanding of all children, but could instead improve the comprehensibility of specific children with whom experience has been accumulated. This PsycINFO database record, copyright 2023 American Psychological Association, holds all rights.
To ensure accurate comparisons across populations in psychological studies regarding means and validity correlations, the principle of measurement invariance must be established, underpinning construct validity generalization. A critical focus of this study was evaluating the measurement invariance of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V) across Australia and New Zealand (A&NZ), while contrasting results with the U.S. normative sample. When it comes to assessing intelligence in children, the WISC-V is the most widely employed instrument. Participants from A&NZ, specifically n = 528, and the United States, n = 2200, who were both census-matched and nationally representative, completed the WISC-V standardization version. The baseline model was estimated separately for each sample to confirm its appropriate fit. A comparison of measurement invariance was conducted between the A&NZ and US samples. The test manual's five-factor scoring model exhibited a superior fit in both the first and second sample populations. Results from the WISC-V across the A&NZ and U.S. samples confirmed strict metric measurement invariance. The results, moreover, were congruent with the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) framework of cognitive aptitudes, implying a universal nature of cognitive abilities across cultural boundaries. Significant variations in visual spatial latent means were observed across female populations, highlighting the crucial role of locally derived normative data. As indicated by these findings, meaningful comparisons of WISC-V scores between the A&NZ and United States are possible, showing that the theoretical constructs aligned with CHC theory, along with the related construct validity studies, translate effectively to different countries. In 2023, the APA holds full copyright and retains all rights to this PsycINFO database record.
Frequently observed behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia (BPSD) are assessed by the NPI-Q, a collateral-rated measurement. While several factor structures have been presented, no systematic comparative study exists. Moreover, the potential for hierarchical models, or the presence of measurement invariance associated with cognitive stages or dementia syndromes, has not yet been investigated. Confirmatory factor analyses, using a multicenter sample comprising 41,801 participants (Mage = 714; 57% female; 79% White, 13% Black, 8% Hispanic; Meducation = 151), were implemented to address the identified knowledge gaps, with the sample further divided into exploratory, derivation, and holdover groups to enable cross-validation. We concluded that the four-factor model offered the optimal fit, characterized by satisfactory reliability, adequate equivalence, and the lowest amount of measurement error in the model The absence of total consistency across stage and syndrome was noted, while there was satisfactory validation of less stringent requirements, including identical presentations. In addition, all bifactor models demonstrated a considerable gain in model fit. This study's key contribution lies in its provision of practical direction for employing NPI-Q factor-derived subscales and its theoretical development of BPSD's hierarchical and syndrome-specific organizational framework. The PsycINFO database record, a product of 2023, is fully protected by the copyright held by the American Psychological Association.
While the experiences of homeless children vary considerably in their results, the underlying processes connecting their housing instability to their developmental trajectories have not been sufficiently investigated. Qualitative coding of 80 parental interviews from a randomized controlled trial of housing interventions for homeless families is utilized to examine these mechanisms. Interviews, conducted an average of seven months after families' shelter stay, were carried out when most families had achieved various housing solutions outside the shelter system. Many parents observed that children's behavioral and educational performance suffered significantly while residing in shelters, yet showed marked improvement once they were removed from the shelter environment. Parental impressions often saw shelter environments as potentially disruptive to children's behavioral patterns; post-shelter exit, regaining self-determination and regular routines proved critical for functional recovery. Parents' provision of long-term rental subsidies was considered a crucial support for children's progress, impacting family stress favorably, improving regular routines, and guiding the children's perspective of stability. Understanding the differences in housing stability and quality among homeless families is crucial, as the findings demonstrate, particularly in how housing interventions affect these dimensions and the subsequent effect on children. Policies that broaden access to long-term rental assistance programs might yield positive developmental outcomes for children. The PsycINFO database record, copyright 2023 APA, has all rights reserved.
In the field of psychiatric rehabilitation, psychotherapy is increasingly recognized as a crucial tool for the recovery process in cases of serious mental illness. Based largely on mental health theory and research, artistic endeavors could offer profound and enduring insights to better inform psychotherapy strategies for individuals with serious mental illnesses. This article posits that jazz, an art form blending structure and improvisation, can enhance clinicians' capacity to facilitate clients' meaning-making, thereby promoting recovery.
Our analysis, drawing from both a review of the literature and theoretical synthesis, explores the capacity of jazz to facilitate the observation of particular processes, consequently offering insights for psychotherapies focused on subjective healing.
We posit that jazz provides a platform for observing how timing, calculated risk, the capacity for simultaneous engagement and detachment from an activity, and the interplay of tension and release can inform and inspire the improvisation process in psychotherapy.
In psychotherapy, jazz provides a creative structure, supporting clinicians in observing and fostering recovery processes. selleck Psychiatric rehabilitation's jazz perspective spotlights the arts and humanities' crucial role in deepening our understanding of these disciplines and guiding our instructional methods. This PsycINFO database record, copyright 2023 APA, reserves all rights.
Psychotherapy recovery processes can be observed and facilitated by clinicians using jazz's creative structure as a framework. The therapeutic potential of jazz in psychiatric rehabilitation settings underscores the enriching role of the humanities and the arts in shaping our understanding and guiding our educational approaches. The PsycInfo Database Record of 2023, all rights reserved, is under the copyright of APA.
Programs focused on reducing racial bias frequently work on understanding and mitigating the psychological sources of individual biases. Nonetheless, the recognition of personal biases is often met with a defensive response, which can impede the effectiveness of anti-bias interventions and the achievement of successful prejudice regulation. Quad modeling underpins our initial investigation of the relationships between (a) controlled and automatic cognitive processes driving results on the Implicit Association Test and (b) defensive reactions to unfavorable implicit racial bias feedback. selleck Within a preregistered correlational study (N = 8000), and an experiment concerning the presentation of bias feedback (N = 547), we observed racially biased associations and some capacity for controlling these associations in White participants. selleck Nonetheless, a greater reluctance to accept feedback highlighting bias consistently predicted a diminished proficiency in controlling biased associations. A correlational study revealed a trend of lower biased associations being linked to greater defensiveness, but this link failed to manifest in the experimental setting. For theories of implicit attitudes, models of prejudice regulation, and strategies for antibias interventions, these results hold profound significance. All rights are reserved by the American Psychological Association (APA), for this PsycINFO database record from 2023.
While a substantial body of research has detailed the detrimental effects on physical and mental well-being stemming from exposure to racist ideologies, academic inquiry into the particular consequences of online racism remains surprisingly limited. Racism online has experienced a considerable upswing in recent years, with the overlapping effects of online and offline racism causing significant difficulty for African Americans to escape the pervasive nature of racial discrimination in their daily lives.